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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contraindications Hypersensitivity to alprazolam or other benzodiazepines. Alprazolam is also contraindicated in pregnancy, in infants and in patients with myasthenia gravis and acute narrow angle glaucoma. to top -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Warnings Alprazolam is not recommended for use in patients whose primary diagnosis is psychosis or depression. Occupational Hazards: As with other CNS depressant drugs, patients should be cautioned against activities requiring mental alertness, judgement and physical coordination such as driving or operating machinery, particularly in the early phases of treatment and until proper adjustment to side effects has been established. Alcohol and benzodiazepines should never be mixed when driving because of the unpredictable CNS depressant effects of this combination. Pregnancy: Safety in pregnancy has not been established, therefore its use is not recommended. Studies have suggested an increased risk of congenital malformations associated with the use of the benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and also meprobamate, during the first trimester of pregnancy. Since alprazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative, its administration is rarely justified in women of childbearing potential. If the drug is prescribed to a woman of child bearing potential she should be warned to consult her physician regarding the discontinuation of the drug if she intends to become or suspects that she is pregnant. Lactation: Studies in rats have indicated that alprazolam and its metabolites are secreted into the milk. Therefore, nursing should not be undertaken while a patient is receiving the drug. Safety and efficacy of alprazolam in patients under the age of 18 years has not been established. to top -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Precautions Elderly and debilitated patients, or those with organic brain syndrome, have been found to be prone to the CNS depressant activity of benzodiazepines even after low doses. Manifestations include ataxia, oversedation and hypotension. Therefore, medication should be administered with caution to these patients, particularly if a drop in blood pressure might lead to cardiac complications. Initial doses should be low and increments should be made gradually, depending on the response of the patient, in order to avoid oversedation, neurological impairment and other possible adverse reactions. Alprazolam should not be administered to individuals prone to drug abuse. Caution should be observed in all patients who are considered to have potential for psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms have been observed after abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines. These include irritability, nervousness, insomnia, agitation, tremors, convulsions, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and mental impairment. Since these symptoms may be similar to those for which the patient is being treated, it may appear that he has suffered a relapse upon discontinuation. It is suggested that alprazolam should be withdrawn gradually if the individual is suspected of having become dependent, or the drug perhaps has been used in prolonged high doses. Suicidal tendencies may be present in patients with emotional disorders, particularly when depressed and that protective measures and appropriate treatment may be necessary and should be instituted without delay. Alprazolam should not be used in patients suspected of having psychotic tendencies since excitement and other paradoxical reactions can result from the use of anxiolytic-sedatives in these patients. As with other benzodiazepines, alprazolam should not be used in individuals with physiological anxiety or normal stress of daily living but only in the presence of disabling manifestations of an appropriate pathological anxiety disorder. These drugs are not effective in patients with characterological and personality disorders or those with obsessive compulsive disorders. Alprazolam is not recommended for the management of depressive or psychotic disorders. If treatment is necessary in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function, therapy should be initiated at a very low dose and the dosage increased only to the extent that it is compatible with the degree of residual function of these organs. If alprazolam is administered for repeated cycles of therapy, periodic blood counts and liver function tests are advisable. Since benzodiazepines may occasionally exacerbate grand mal seizures, caution is required when used in epileptic patients and an adjustment may be necessary in their anticonvulsive medication. Abrupt withdrawal of alprazolam should be avoided. Benzodiazepines may potentiate or interact with effects of other CNS acting drugs such as alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, nonbarbiturate hypnotics, antihistamines, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Therefore, if alprazolam is to be combined with other drugs acting on the CNS, careful consideration should be given to the pharmacology of the agent involved because of the possible additive or potentiating effects. Patients should also be advised against the simultaneous use of other CNS depressant drugs and should be cautioned not to take alcohol during the administration of alprazolam. to top -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Adverse Effects The most frequently reported are drowsiness, coordination difficulties with dizziness. Release of hostility and other paradoxical effects such as irritability, excitability and hallucinations are known to occur with the use of benzodiazepines. Other side effects less frequently reported, listed by body systems, include the following: Neurologic: Blurred vision, headache, seizures, slurred speech, difficulty in depth perception. Psychiatric: Agitation, mental confusion, depression, irritability, nervousness, sleep disturbances, euphoria, lethargy, stupor. Gastrointestinal: Dry mouth, nausea, nonspecific gastrointestinal disturbances, vomiting. Musculoskeletal: Muscle spasm, muscle weakness. Cardiovascular: Hypotension, palpitations, tachycardia. Dermatologic: Pruritus, rash. Genitourinary: Incontinence, change in libido. Hematologic: Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, increased and decreased WBC. Hepatic: Elevations of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT). Miscellaneous: Increased and decreased blood sugar levels. to top -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Overdose Symptoms: Manifested as an extension of alprazolam's pharmacologic activity. Varying degrees of CNS depressant effects such as somnolence and hypnosis can occur. Other manifestations may include muscle weakness, ataxia, dysarthria and particularly in children paradoxical excitement. In more severe cases diminished reflexes, confusion and coma may ensue. It should be remembered when treating an overdose that multiple agents may have been ingested. Fatalities with benzodiazepines rarely occur except when other drugs, alcohol or aggravating factors are involved. Treatment: Vomiting may be induced if the patient is fully awake. Vital signs should be monitored and general supportive measures should be employed as indicated. Gastric lavage should be instituted as soon as possible. I.V. fluids may be administered and an adequate airway should be maintained. Experiments in animals have indicated that cardiopulmonary collapse can occur with massive i.v. doses of alprazolam. This could be reversed with positive mechanical respiration and the i.v. infusion of levarterenol. Animal experiments with alprazolam and related compounds have suggested that hemodialysis and forced diuresis are probably of little value. to top -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dosage Must be individualized and carefully titrated in order to avoid excessive sedation or mental and motor impairment. As with other anxiolytic-sedatives, short courses of treatment should be the rule for the symptomatic relief of excessive anxiety and the initial course of treatment should not last longer than 1 week without reassessment. If necessary, drug dosage can be adjusted after 1 week. Prescriptions should be limited to short courses of therapy. Adults: Initially: 0.25 mg (250 mcg) given 2 or 3 times daily. If required, increases may be made in 0.25 mg (250 mcg) increments according to the severity of symptoms and patient response. It is recommended that the evening dose be increased before the daytime doses. Very severe manifestations of anxiety may require larger initial daily doses. The optimal dosage is one that permits symptomatic control of excessive anxiety without impairment of mental and motor function. Exceptionally, it may be necessary to increase dosage to a maximum of 3 mg daily, given in divided doses. Elderly and Debilitated Patients: The initial dosage is 0.125 mg (125 mcg) 2 or 3 times daily. If necessary, this dosage may be increased gradually depending on patient tolerance and response. Alprazolam/Xanax Chemistry Generic Xanax is a tranquilizer used in the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety or the treatment of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorder is marked by unrealistic worry or excessive fears and concerns. Generic Xanax is also used in the treatment of panic disorder, which appears as unexpected panic attacks and may be accompanied by a fear of open spaces called agoraphobia. Only your doctor can diagnose your panic disorder and best advise you about treatment. Anxiety associated with depression is also responsive to Xanax. Some doctors prescribe Generic Xanax to treat alcohol withdrawal, fear of open spaces and strangers, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, and premenstrual syndrome. What is there in the chemistry of Alprazolam that helps to reduce anxiety? You can find the answer here. Alprazolam is a complex chemical / pharmaceutical product, having a triazolo 1,4 benzodiazepine analog unit. Chemisty of Alprazolam tells us that its molecular formula is C17H13ClN4 and molecular weight is 308.8. Alprazolam is having chemical name as ‘8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo [4,3-a][1,4] benzodiazepine’. Natural Alprazolam is a white crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, sparingly soluble in acetone, slightly soluble in ethyl acetate and virtually not soluble in water at normal pH levels. Xanax is a branded product of Alprazolam (Generic Xanax) family with active ingredients of alprazolam chemical groups. Each Xanax bar or tablet contains suitable amount of alprazolam and inactive ingredients like pharmaceutical grade corn/maize starch, cellulose, decussate sodium, lactose, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, sodium benzoate and small amounts of edible colors for coloration. Alprazolam/Xanax Pharmacology Generic Xanax-Alprazolam when orally administered is immediately absorbed in human physiological system through stomach and small intestine. The liver then metabolizes it. The peak plasma concentrations in the human system depend on the dosages and active alprazolam groups and occur 1 to 2 hours after the administration. The half-life range is 6 to 20 hours following single dose administration. With multiple doses, given 3 times daily, steady state is reached within 7 days. When generic xanax is absorbed in the human system, CNS (Central Nervous System) agents of the 1,4 benzodiazepine class presumably exert their effects by binding at stereo specific receptors at several sites within the brain and the central nervous system. Mechanism of action Alprazolam or generic xanax medication chemically enhances the action of human body's GABA (Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid). GABA is the nervous system's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, found in the brain and spinal cord. GABA tells neurons to slow down. About 40% of the millions of neurons all over the brain respond to GABA. Neurotransmitters enable the brain cells to transmit impulses from one to another. Impulses are released from the brain cells by electrical signals. GABA tells the neurons of the brain that to slow down or stop working. This means that GABA has a general quietening influence on the brain: it is in some ways the body's natural hypnotic and tranquillizer. This natural action of GABA is augmented by benzodiazepine, which thus exert an extra (often excessive) inhibitory influence on neurons for general calming and quieting effect on the brain. Alprazolam enhances the activity of GABA but not increase the nervous system's biological synthesis of GABA. Generic Xanax is more than 80% protein bound and is absorbed by the human system. Its benzodiazepine based metabolites are excreted primarily in urine and supported by sweating, saliva, faeces and breast milk. Alprazolam acts as an anti-depressant in the human nervous system by controlling anxiety attacks and panic disorders. It operates widely in the brain, reducing emotional reactions, fear, tension, memory, thinking, control of consciousness, muscle tone and coordination within nervous system Once you are sure about the type of your anxiety or panic disorder, and its symptom and effects you can proceed on to the medication. alprazolam, alprazolam online, alprazolam xanax, alprazolam effects side xanax, alprazolam side effects, buy alprazolam, picture of alprazolam, buy alprazolam online, cheap alprazolam, alprazolam danger, alprazolam buy or xanax, 2mg alprazolam, alprazol IMPORTANT NOTE: This is a summary and does not contain all possible information about this product. For complete information about this product or your specific health needs, ask your health care professional. Always seek the advice of your health care professional if you have any questions about this product or your medical condition. This information is not intended as individual medical advice and does not substitute for the knowledge and judgment of your health care professional. This information does not contain any assurances that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you. ALPRAZOLAM - ORAL: (al-PRAZ-oh-lam) COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Xanax USES: Alprazolam is used to treat anxiety and panic disorders. It belongs to a class of medications called benzodiazepines which act on the brain and nerves (central nervous system) to produce a calming effect. It works by enhancing the effects of a certain natural chemical in the body (GABA). HOW TO USE: Take this medication by mouth as directed by your doctor. Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to therapy. This medication may cause dependence, especially if it has been used regularly for an extended period of time, or if it has been used in high doses. In such cases, if you suddenly stop this drug, withdrawal reactions including seizures may occur. Report any such reactions to your doctor immediately. When stopping extended, regular treatment with this drug, the dosage should be gradually reduced as directed to help prevent withdrawal reactions. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more details. Though it is very unlikely to occur, this medication can also result in abnormal drug-seeking behavior (addiction/habit-forming). Do not increase your dose, take it more frequently, or use it for a longer period of time than prescribed. Properly stop this medication when so directed. This will lessen the chances of becoming addicted. When used for an extended period, this medication may not work as well and may require different dosing. Talk with your doctor if this medication stops working well. Inform your doctor if your condition persists or worsens. ALPRAZOLAM SIDE EFFECTS: Drowsiness or dizziness may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects. Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: mental/mood changes, slurred speech, clumsiness, trouble walking, decreased/increased interest in sex. Tell your doctor immediately if any of these highly unlikely but very serious side effects occur: yellowing eyes or skin, signs of infection (e.g., persistent sore throat, fever). A serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction include: rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, trouble breathing. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist. ALPRAZOLAM PRECAUTIONS: Before taking alprazolam, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, lorazepam); or if you have any other allergies. Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: liver disease, kidney disease, severe lung/breathing problems (e.g., COPD, sleep apnea), drug or alcohol abuse. This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy; use caution engaging in activities requiring alertness such as driving or using machinery. Limit alcoholic beverages. Caution is advised when using this drug in the elderly because they may be more sensitive to its side effects, especially loss of coordination and drowsiness. Alprazolam is not recommended for use during pregnancy due to the potential for harm to an unborn baby. Consult your doctor for more details. This drug passes into breast milk and may have undesirable effects on a nursing infant. Therefore, breast-feeding while using this medication is not recommended. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. ALPRAZOLAM DRUG INTERACTIONS: See also the How to Use section. Your healthcare professionals (e.g., doctor or pharmacist) may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for it. Do not start, stop or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with them first. This drug should not be used with the following medications because very serious interactions may occur: certain azole antifungals (e.g., itraconazole, ketoconazole), delavirdine, sodium oxybate. If you are currently using any of these medications, tell your doctor or pharmacist before starting alprazolam. Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of: clozapine, digoxin, disulfiram, kava. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you take drugs that affect the removal of alprazolam from your system (CYP 3A4 substrates, inhibitors and inducers) such as: other azole antifungals (e.g., fluconazole, voriconazole), certain anti-depressants (e.g., fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, nefazodone), certain anti-seizure medications (e.g., phenytoin, phenobarbital), cimetidine, macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin, clarithromycin), rifamycins (e.g., rifampin), ritonavir, St John's wort. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you take drugs that cause drowsiness such as: antihistamines that cause drowsiness (e.g., diphenhydramine), anti-seizure drugs (e.g., carbamazepine), medicine for sleep (e.g., sedatives), muscle relaxants, narcotic pain relievers (e.g., codeine), psychiatric medicines (e.g., phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine, tricyclic anti-depressants such as amitriptyline), tranquilizers. Check the labels on all your medicines (e.g., cough-and-cold products) because they may contain ingredients which cause drowsiness. Ask your pharmacist about the safe use of those products. Cigarette smoking decreases blood levels of this medication (through liver enzyme induction). Tell your doctor if you smoke or if you have recently stopped smoking because your dose may need to be adjusted. Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist approval. OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call the US national poison hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canadian residents should call their local poison control center directly. Symptoms of overdose may include: severe drowsiness, slowed/reduced reflexes, slowed breathing, loss of consciousness. NOTES: Do not share this medication with others. It is against the law. If this drug is used for an extended period of time, laboratory and/or medical tests (e.g., liver function tests, complete blood count) may be performed periodically to check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details. MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, use it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up. STORAGE: Store at room temperature between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medicines away from children and pets. IMPORTANT NOTE: The following information is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of your physician, pharmacist or other healthcare professional. It should not be construed to indicate that use of the drug is safe, appropriate, or effective for you. Consult your healthcare professional before using this drug. ALPRAZOLAM-ORAL (al-PRAZZ-oh-lam) COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Xanax USES: This medication has a calming effect. It is used to relieve anxiety, nervousness and tension in the treatment of anxiety disorders and panic disorders. HOW TO USE: Take this medication by mouth exactly as prescribed. Do not take this more often, increase your dose or take this longer than directed without consulting your doctor. Do not suddenly stop taking this medication if you have been taking this regularly for several weeks. Your dose will need to be gradually decreased to prevent side effects. SIDE EFFECTS: Drowsiness, incoordination, headache, fatigue, change in sex drive, change in appetite, change in weight, difficulty urinating or stomach upset may occur the first few days as your body adjusts to the medication. If any of these effects continue or become bothersome, inform your doctor. To relieve dry mouth, suck on (sugarless) hard candy or ice chips, chew (sugarless) gum, drink water or use saliva substitute. Notify your doctor if you develop: rapid/pounding/irregular heartbeat, skin rash, changes in vision, slurred speech, confusion, depression, behavioral changes. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist. PRECAUTIONS: Tell your doctor if you have: kidney problems, liver disease, glaucoma, muscle weakness, history of drug dependence, any allergies. This medication may cause drowsiness or dizziness. Use caution operating machinery or engaging in activities requiring alertness. Limit intake of alcohol while taking this medication since it may aggravate drowsiness and dizziness. Alprazolam is not recommended for use during pregnancy. Consult your doctor before using this medication. This medication passes into breast milk and may harm a nursing infant. Nursing while using alprazolam is not recommended. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. The elderly may be more sensitive to the effects of this medication and should use this medication carefully. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Tell your doctor of any over-the-counter or prescription medication you take, including: anti-seizure drugs, antidepressants, narcotic pain relievers, erythromycin-like antibiotics, cimetidine, sleeping pills, tranquilizers, azole antifungals (e.g., fluconazole). Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist approval. OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include confusion, slow reflexes, clumsiness, deep sleep, and loss of consciousness. NOTES: This medication when used in high doses or for prolonged periods of time can lead to dependence. Therefore, it is important to follow your dosing instructions closely. MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, take it as soon as remembered; do not take it if it is near the time for the next dose, instead, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not "double-up" the dose to catch up. STORAGE: Store this medication at room temperature between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 to 30 degrees C) away from heat, light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep this and all medications out of the reach of Alprazolam is an FDA-approved medication that is used to treat panic disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and anxiety associated with depression. Information: Most Common Medical Uses Alprazolam affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause anxiety. Alprazolam is most commonly used to relieve anxiety, nervousness, and tension associated with anxiety disorders. Alprazolam is also used to treat panic disorders. Alprazolam may also be used for purposes other than those listed here. How to Take This Medication Take alprazolam exactly as directed by your doctor. Take each dose with a full glass of water. Do not take more than is prescribed for you. Alprazolam is habit forming. You can become physically and psychologically dependent on the medication. Do not take more than the prescribed amount of medication or take it for longer than is directed by your doctor. Withdrawal effects may occur if alprazolam is stopped suddenly after several weeks of continuous use. Your doctor may recommend a gradual reduction in dose. Possible Side Effects Stop taking alprazolam and seek emergency medical attention or contact your doctor immediately: an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, face, or tongue; or hives); sores in the mouth or throat; yellowing of the skin or eyes; a rash; hallucinations or severe confusion; or changes in your vision. Other, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Continue to take alprazolam and talk to your doctor if you experience drowsiness, dizziness, or clumsiness; depression; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation; difficulty urinating; vivid dreams; headache; dry mouth; decreased sex drive; or changes in behavior. Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome. Precautions Do not take alprazolam if you have narrow-angle glaucoma. Alprazolam may worsen this condition. Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you have kidney disease; have liver disease; have asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, or another respiratory disease; or if you are depressed or have suicidal thoughts. Do not take this medication without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant or breast-feeding a baby.If you are over 65 years of age, you may be more likely to experience side effects from alprazolam. You may require a lower dose of this medication. Alprazolam is not approved for use by children younger than 18 years of age. Drug Interactions Do not take ketoconazole (Nizoral) or itraconazole (Sporanox) during treatment with alprazolam without first talking to your doctor. Alprazolam may increase the effects of other drugs that cause drowsiness, including antidepressants, alcohol, antihistamines, sedatives (used to treat insomnia), pain relievers, anxiety medicines, seizure medicines, and muscle relaxants. Tell your doctor about all medicines that you are taking, and do not take any medicine without first talking to your doctor. Antacids may decrease the effects of alprazolam. Separate doses of an antacid and alprazolam by several hours whenever possible. Drugs other than those listed here may also interact with alprazolam. Talk to your doctor and pharmacist before taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines, including herbal products. Missed Dose Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the dose you missed and take only the next regularly scheduled dose. Do not take a double dose of this medication. A double dose could be dangerous. Storage Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Keep this and all medications out of the reach of children. Notes Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Alprazolam will cause drowsiness and may cause dizziness. If you experience drowsiness or dizziness, avoid these activities. Avoid alcohol while taking alprazolam. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness caused by alprazolam. Alprazolam is habit forming. You can become physically and psychologically dependent on the medication. Do not take more than the prescribed amount of medication or take it for longer than is directed by your doctor. Withdrawal effects may occur if alprazolam is stopped suddenly after several weeks of continuous use. Your doctor may recommend a gradual reduction in dose. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, 19.1 million Americans, age 18-54, suffer from anxiety disorders. We know that everyday life has become an extremely hectic and stressful endeavor. Unfortunately, human nature pushes us to continually strive for more and achieve bigger and better things. Many times people are able to deal with the pressure of everyday life. However, there are certain individuals that cannot. Those people can suffer from debilitating effects of stress, anxiety, and even depression. Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder include, inability to relax, sleeplessness, and extreme nervousness. So many people just cannot gain control over their anxiety., and turn toward prescription medication as an answer. Hectic lifestyles, combined with added pressure to succeed, unfortunately for us, is a formula for disaster. Anxiety, stress, and depression have reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. and continues to grow. And we know that anxiety, stress, and depression can be considered one of the leading causes of disability today. In light of these dramatic statistics, a number of products have appeared on the market aimed at reducing symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression. These products include vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements, as well as prescription pharmaceutical medications which can only be obtained under a doctor’s recommendation. Is Xanax® (alprazolam) the solution for you? By using an anxiety relief agent, and finding ways to restore a normal, less stressful and hectic lifestyle, it may be possible to decrease symptoms of anxiety without negative side effects associated with prescription medications. Prescription Drug Xanax® (alprazolam) Alprazolam hydrochloride, generic name for the popular anti-anxiety medication Xanax®. Xanax® is indicated for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and anxiety associated with depression. Xanax® (alprazolam) is sometimes used as a sleeping agent. Caution should be used, as Xanax® has been shown to cause physical dependence. Xanax® (alprazolam) has also been shown to cause seizures. Xanax® (alprazolam) can cause decreased appetite (weight loss) in some people and increased appetite (weight gain) in others. Xanax® (alprazolam) is classified pharmacologically as a benzodiazepine. The use of benzodiazepines and related drugs may be associated with side effects such as, drowsiness that can occur in up to 75% of the people taking benzodiazepines. Discontinued use, especially when abrupt, may result in spontaneous side effects including tremor, abdominal cramping, sweating, insomnia, and convulsions. Side effects may also include fatigue, memory impairment, nausea, vomiting, constipation, blurred vision, sexual dysfunction, and decreased sexual drive. Are there alternatives? Non-Prescription All Natural Anxiety Relief Products What makes a non-prescription anxiety relief product so appealing? Is it the all natural and diminished side effect properties? Prescription products have many potential side effects and drug interactions. 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We reviewed a wide array of all natural anti-depressant and anti-anxiety alternatives on the market today. At the conclusion of our review, we found Anxietol 7™, manufactured by MedaBiotics, demonstrates overall safety and effective anxiety and depression relief at a reasonable cost. That is why we have rated it Consumer Health Digest's Best Buy. Pharmacy (from the Greek ???????? = drug) is a chemical science and profession charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. Traditionally, pharmacists have compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. More recently, pharmacy has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. Some of these new pharmaceutical roles are now mandated by law in various legislatures. Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts, and the primary health professionals who optimise medication management to produce positive health-outcomes. The symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle and the ? (recipere) character. Pharmacy organisations often employ other elements, such as the Bowl of Hygieia, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries such as the green Greek cross in France and Great Britain, the increasingly-rare Gaper in The Netherlands, and a red stylised letter A in Germany. complex clinical medication management issues whereas pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations issues. Because of the complexity of the medication use system, many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Hospital pharmacies can usually be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. This is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and adequate facilities. Some hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. [edit] Internet pharmacy Recently, a number of pharmacies have begun operating over the internet. Many such pharmacies are, in some ways, similar to community pharmacies; the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. 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Although importation of prescription medication currently violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. [edit] The future of pharmacy In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists expect to be paid for their cognitive skills. This paradigm shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Great Britain, pharmacists (and nurses) who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights. In the United States, consultant pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy." Many universities are altering their programs to increase emphasis in fields such as pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, disease state management, etc. Access to student services by website, phone, and mail CanadaDrugs.comTM is Canada's largest International Prescription Service ("Internet") Pharmacy. Since opening in April of 2001, Canada DrugsTM has earned many pharmacy accreditations and become one of the most trusted Canadian discount pharmacies on the Internet. With over 250 full time staff, and over 3,000 prescriptions filled every day and shipped safely to patients internationally. You can trust us with your prescription drug purchase. Canada DrugsTM is located at: 24 Terracon Place, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R2J 4G7. [full contact information] CanadaDrugs.comTM is licensed by the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association: License # 32195. Canada DrugsTM is a Canadian pharmacy of choice for purchasing your discount prescription drugs and medication. At Canada DrugsTM, buying from an online Canadian pharmacy has never been easier. You can order prescription drugs and medication from Canada DrugsTM at discount prices by supplying a valid, prescription from a licensed physician. Our international online pharmacy also offers convenient prescription refills. At Canada DrugsTM, we maintain the highest standards in patient safety of any Canadian online pharmacy. We believe access to essential prescription drugs should be safe, convenient, and affordable for all. Canada DrugsTM is proud to be the first Canadian pharmacy to receive accreditation from IMPAC (Internet and Mailorder Pharmacy Accreditation Commission). Canada DrugsTM is also a certified member of the Canadian Internet Pharmacy Association (CIPA), the Better Business Bureau (BBB), VeriSign and is a 5 star rated pharmacy from Pharmacy Checker.com. As a premiere Canadian Internet-based and mail order pharmacy, Canada DrugsTM pharmacy is licensed by the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association to distribute prescription medication. * All prices are subject to change at any time. Exchange rates under license from XE.com. For questions regarding pricing and availability of products from CanadaDrugs.comTM you may call 1-800-CAN-DRUG (1-800-226-3784). CanadaDrugs.comTM is presently licensed in the province of Manitoba by the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association. License Number 32195 CanadaDrugs.comTM is located at: 24 Terracon Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R2J 4G7 Copyright © 2006 CanadaDrugs.comTM. All rights reserved. "Canada Drugs" and "CanadaDrugs.com" are registered trademarks used under exclusive license by CanadaDrugs.comTM. All rights reserved The College of Pharmacy is situated in the foothills of the Wasatch Mountains in L.S. Skaggs Hall, which houses college and departmental offices. The College of Pharmacy is part of the Health Sciences Center which incorporates the University of Utah Hospital and Clinics, The School of Medicine, the Colleges of Health, Nursing, and Pharmacy as well as the Eccles Health Sciences Library. The College of Pharmacy has state-of-the-art facilities to train students in all areas of the biomedical sciences and professional practice. Adjacent facilities for research and instruction include the Biomedical Polymers Research Building, University Research Park and University Hospital. Clinical clerkships, post-graduate residency and fellowship training is also available in a variety of professional practice settings. The student/faculty ratio in all programs is small so students receive concentrated, individual attention. The faculty, many of whom are recognized authorities in their areas of specialization, are committed to providing each student with a valuable educational experience. Since the college is located within the Health Sciences Center, pharmacy students can interact on a daily basis with students who are training in the other health professions and sciences such as medicine, nursing or physician assistants. Student professional organizations are active on campus and provide students with the opportunity to participate in extracurricular service and social activities. General Information The application deadline for 2007 will be January 10, 2007. The application will be online and available after October 1, 2006. Students are required to make an application to the Doctor of Pharmacy Program and an application to the Graduate School of the University of Utah. Applications not meeting the January 10th deadline will not be reviewed. Advanced Placement Scores accepted by the Admissions Committee Calculus: a score of 4 or 5 on either the AB or BC waives only the first semester of calculus. Chemistry: a score of 4 or 5 waives only the first semester of general chemistry. Physics: a score of 4 or 5 on the physic B; C:MECH; C:E&M waives only the first semester of any physics series. Pre-professional GPA Students must have a pre-professional grade point average of 2.75 or higher in the pre-required science course work. The Admissions Committee reviews every time you take a course; and if a course is repeated the second repeat grade is used in the pre-professional grade point calculation. The average pre-professional GPA for the accepted students for the past 4 years has been a 3.55 (ranging from a 2.77 to a 4.0). Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT) Applicants to the University of Utah College of Pharmacy are required to take the PCAT. Information concerning the PCAT and registration can be found at: www.pcatweb.info. For students applying for admission starting fall semester 2007 the latest PCAT scores accepted will be the October, 2006 test. A composite score above the 65th percentile must be obtained before the Admissions Committee will review an application. For the past 4 years the average composite score for those students accepted has been the 91st percentile. Pharmacy Experience is Required Students need pharmacy experience. If you are a technician you will be asked to provide a copy of your current technician license and complete the pharmacy experience block that will be part of the application. If you are interested in becoming a technician the following website has a list of State Board of Pharmacy approved technician training programs: http://www.dopl.utah.gov/licensing/pharmacy.html If you have not worked as a technician the Admissions Committee recommends shadowing pharmacists in various practice settings for a minimum of 40 hours. A shadowing form must be completed by the pharmacist you shadowed and mailed directly from the pharmacist to the Admissions Committee. The form is available here. Recommendations For the upcoming 2007 application three (3) recommendation forms will be required. One - from a professor you have taken a course with; one - from a supervisor you have worked under; and, one - from a volunteer/community service supervisor. The recommendation form will be available after October 1, 2006. Community Services/Leadership As part of the application you will be requested to provide the Admissions Committee with a summary of your community service activities and any leadership roles you have held. Community service is defined as work you do as a volunteer whether with a church or school organization or something you do on your own. TOEFL Internet-based test For students whose first language is not English the TOEFL iBT must be taken. This test has four components: reading, listening, speaking and writing. A minimum score of 25 must be obtained for the speaking component and a total score of 61 must be obtained for all sections in order to make an application to the Doctor of Pharmacy Professional Program. Information on the TOEFL iBt can be found at: www.ets.org. Statistics from the last application process The Admissions Committee interviewed 130 applicants out of an applicant pool of 240 for the entering class of 2006. Forty-eight students were accepted. The average pre-professional GPA for the entering class is: 3.56. The average composite PCAT score for the entering class is: the 90th percentile. For questions regarding Admission or Applications please contact Marion Lennberg at (801) 581-7503 in the College of Pharmacy Admissions Office or send email to: PharmD.Admissions@pharm.utah.edu Thank you for your interest in the University of Utah College of Pharmacy About.com: Buying Prescription Drugs in Mexico - Offers the pros and cons and further considerations including bringing the medications back through customs. Argus Health Systems, Inc. - Provides pharmacy information technology, value-added administration, and claims processing. Learn about Argus, its products, services, and career information. Assorted ACPE Acredited Pharmacy CE - Comprehensive database of free online ACPE-accredited Pharmacy Continuing Education(CE); database contains more than 10 years worth of free ACPE credits; fee CE's also included. Baker APS - Pharmacy automation products, from pill counting to robotic systems and from design services to pharmacy workflow software. Brookcare Pharmacy Services - Provides over the counter and prescription drug pharmacy services to Assisted Living residences, Alzheimer's Care residences and skilled nursing facilities. Comprehensive Pharmacy Services - The Nations Leading Pharmacy Management Company. Since 1971 Comprehensive Pharmacy Services has provided our clients the highest level of pharmacy services throughout the continuum of the overall healthcare system. Dr. Ahmed Elgarhi - Egyptian pharmacist offers data on drug interaction , precautions in pregnancy and pharmacy education in U.S.A. Drug Store News - Information about the drug store industry, trends, news articles, links. DrugInfoNet.com - The Internet source for healthcare information. Provides both information and links to areas on the web concerning healthcare and pharmaceutical-related topics. This free service is brought to you to improve your education as consumers and healthcare professionals. FutureRx.com - A community with discussion forums that focus on future prescription drugs in the pipelines for various diseases. Health Central: People's Pharmacy - Provides drug and health information to consumers. Articles, drug and herb libraries, home remedies, in-depth guides, answers to frequently asked questions, and summaries of radio programs. The Hospital Pharmacist Journal - Full text of Hospital Pharmacist plus jobs in hospital pharmacy. InPharm.com - The leading pharmaceutical resource on the Internet - healthcare industries; news, views, jobs, directories of agencies, professional organisations and freelancers, along with thousands of links out into the Internet. Irish Pharmacy Pages - News and views about Irish Pharmacy with particular interest to community pharmacists. Johnston Rorke - Pharmacy Services - Accountant specialising in Pharmacy Advice. Over 150 pharmacy clients. The Journal of Pharmacy Technology - For both pharmacists and technicians, jPT provides valuable information for those interested in the entire body of pharmacy practice. Maxor - Maxor is committed to the cost-effective delivery of quality products and services through our pharmacy benefit management, specialty injectables, and other services. Meditec Pty., Ltd. - Delivering automation products to pharmacists around the world. Mypharmacy - Health Advice - A UK pharmacist shares his knowledge and experience on keeping healthy, and what to do when you are not so well. National Co-op Pharmacy Branches - Health advice and NCC store locator. Numark Pharmacists - Advice about diseases and conditions, herbal remedies and homeopathy. Ask the pharmacist a question, shop online or just find your local Numark Pharmacist. Paramount Data, LLC - Software for pharmacists involved with extemporaneous pharmaceutical compounding (CompoundIt(r)) and other clinical pharmacy related software. Paul Hsiao, PharmD's Clinical Pharmacy Center - Offers pharmacy/medical related news. PDR.net - Offers healthcare information tailored to physicians, nurses, pharmacists, physicians assistants and consumers. Pharm Vision - Providing quality pharmacy and health information to empower consumers to make better informed healthcare decisions. PharmaCE - Pharmacist & Technician Continuing Education - ACPE-approved continuing education from the publisher of The Annals of Pharmacotherapy and the Journal of Pharmacy Technology. The PharmaChannel - Web-based information services designed to inform and connect the Canadian Pharmacy community, and anyone with an interest and role in this important sector of the healthcare industry. Pharmacist.com - Source for pharmacy news, drug information, jobs, continuing education, books and resources. Pharmacist's Guide to Drug and Medical Information on the Internet - Clinical Pharmacist's web page containing links to helpful and informative drug and medical information sites. Drug databases are available. PharmacoEthics - Dedicated to the exploration of ethical issues related to the development, promotion, sales, prescription, and use of pharmaceuticals. Includes articles, news stories, organizations and links. Pharmacy Choice - Provides online pharmacy news, continuing education, career services, drug resources and pharmacy business solutions for today's pharmacists and pharmacy related industries. Pharmacy Compounding Customizes Prescription Drugs - FDA Consumer magazine feature article on pharmacy compounding laws. Pharmacy OneSource - The "one" source for information and resources for the pharmacy profession. The Pharmacy Student's Guide to Life - A place for students to get guidance and support. PharmaSource.com - Provides customized pharmacy management services to hospitals and health care systems including staffing, clinical programs, regulatory compliance and inventory control. PharmaSYST - Pharmacy with an Engineering Focus - Designed to blend the professions of pharmacy and industrial engineering and explore the possibilities of pharmacy informatics. PharmCatalyst - For retail pharmacists, technicians, and pharmacy students needing information on pharmacists continuing education, technician CE, jobs, drugs, herbs and diseases. Pharmex.com - Since 1954, Pharmex has worked with pharmacies to develop products and services designed to improve efficiency and enhance pharmacy operations. Products include pharmacy opening kits, prescription laser and thermal forms, warning labels, fonts, and other pharmacy and business supplies. Physician's Pharmilink - A one-stop resource for ordering free pharmaceutical samples from leading manufacturers - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Exclusively for physicians. Prodigy Data Systems, Inc. - Specializing in pharmacy management software. Proxymed Pharmacies Solutions and Services - Online service that allows pharmacy staff to process physician prescriptions and refill requests, check formularies and drug interactions, and file claims for reimbursement. Rx30 Pharmacy Management Systems - Pharmacy software available on the medical market. Rx Tech School - Offers review courses and manuals for pharmacy technicians who need to pass the PTCB exam. RxAmerica - A leading Pharmacy Benefits Management provider, offering proven solutions and tools to improve the health of your members while reducing overall benefits cost. Includes FAQs, news, careers and contact details. RxDesktop - Includes metric to standard conversions, common medical abbreviations, and a rebate program. Presented by Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A. Inc. RXinsider - Free pharmacy training programs, pharmacy news, Spanish for pharmacists, career opportunities, CE's, and industry stocks. RxRelay.com - Provides medical information delivery services for doctors, pharmacies, patients, and healthcare organizations free of charge. RxSystems, Inc. - Established in 1979 by Richard Jensen, is a privately-owned company specializing in the manufacturing and distribution of pharmacy-related products. Student Doctor Network - Pharmacy Forums - Online discussions for pharmacy students and practitioners. Synthetica - Located in Oslo and is an efficient, flexible, and independent synthesis laboratory. Broad experience in the synthesis of organic compounds of wide structural variety. US FDA: Buying Medicines and Medical Products Online - FAQ on health concerns and legal aspects of buying medications over the Internet and from foreign sources. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Do you envision a career helping people understand the effects of medication on their body? Do you see yourself collaborating with health care professionals to determine effective drug therapy for patients? With the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree from USP, you'll gain a competitive edge in one of the fastest-growing professions in health care. Why USP? USP is the only place to study pharmacy. You won't do any better than nearly 200 years of experience in the profession. In 1821, we established the first college of pharmacy in North America. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy's long tradition of educating pharmacists to be leaders in health care is built on our unique combination of: A broad curriculum that integrates liberal arts and sciences courses with pharmacy and health sciences courses. You'll study the complex nature of drugs and their effects, the regulatory and administrative aspects of contemporary pharmacy practice, and applications of information technology in health care. In addition, you'll learn to interact with other health care professionals and educate patients and consumers regarding medication use. Capstone courses in human disorders and medication through which you'll explore drug therapy in the management and prevention of many disease states, work directly with data systems records that simulate those used in pharmacy practice, and develop drug therapy regimens using data from actual patients in our Center for Advanced Pharmacy Studies (CAPS). Clerkship experiences in a variety of pharmacy practice settings in community and hospital pharmacies, clinics and managed care organizations, pharmaceutical industry sites, regulatory agencies, and research laboratories. Faculty who are leading scientists, researchers, and practicing pharmacists. Many have held elected leadership positions in the most prominent pharmacy and scientific organizations, authored nationally renowned textbooks, and received prestigious awards for their teaching and professional accomplishments. Opportunities to develop mentoring relationships with pharmacists from all types of practice settings who participate extensively in professional courses on our campus. Preparation to sit for the licensing examination. Licensure is required to enter the pharmacy profession. Your Life as a Pharmacist Pharmacists work in a variety of settings such as community pharmacies, hospitals, or clinics. Other possibilities include home health care agencies, government settings, and industry settings where you might work on drug discovery and development, clinical trials, sales and marketing, production, quality assurance, drug information, or regulatory affairs. Pharmacists work closely with other health professionals to select appropriate drug therapy for patients, evaluate the success of the therapy, and ensure that patients understand their medications. Your Future in Pharmacy Increased medication and health care needs of an older population, more effective drugs to treat and prevent diseases, and a growing population have resulted in a shortage of pharmacists nationwide. The employment outlook for pharmacists is “very good,” according to the U.S. Department of Labor. New opportunities are emerging for pharmacists in managed-care organizations and for pharmacists trained in research, disease management, and pharmacoeconomics, the science of determining the costs and benefits of different drug therapies. As a USP Pharm.D. graduate, you will be recognized as a highly competent professional, and in demand among employers because of the thorough science, clinical, and research background you'll acquire. More than 90 percent of recent graduates are placed in positions before graduation. Hands-on Learning at USP Throughout the Pharm.D. program, you'll apply the knowledge and skills you develop. You'll use the latest information technology to solve complex drug information questions, prepare specialized dosage forms in our laboratories, and assess a patient's response to drug therapy by doing physical exams and interpreting laboratory results from blood tests and other types of tests. Many USP Pharm.D. students work in pharmacies during semester breaks and summers. Whether you are interested in working at a community or hospital pharmacy or exploring diverse opportunities within the pharmaceutical industry, the Public Health Service, or a variety of community health initiatives, we will help you find positions that offer an interesting and rewarding start to your career. In your final year, you will put your skills to work during a clerkship in a variety of pharmacy practice settings including some of the nation's leading hospitals, retail pharmacy chains and independent pharmacies, clinics, pharmaceutical companies, managed care organizations, drug information centers, regulatory agencies, and research organizations. Learn from the Best Preparing well-educated and experienced Pharm.D. graduates requires the best faculty in the industry. You'll learn from people like: Steve Sheaffer, Pharm.D., a past president of the American Society of Health-system Pharmacists, one of the nation's largest and most respected professional organizations for pharmacists who practice in hospitals, clinics, and other types of institutions. After graduating from PCP/USP, Dr. Sheaffer completed additional training at the Crozer Health System. After many years of practice and administrative experience, he returned to USP to coordinate our clerkship and experiential learning program. He is also the advisor for our student chapter of ASHP. Sarah Spinler, Pharm.D., who completed her Pharm.D. degree at the University of Minnesota and post-doctoral training at the University of Illinois. Dr. Spinler is a nationally known expert on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and investigates ways to improve long-term survival and quality of life after heart attacks. Joan Tarloff, Ph.D., who holds a pharmacy degree from the University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and a Ph.D. from the Medical College of Ohio. After post-doctoral training and experience in the pharmaceutical industry, Dr. Tarloff established a research program at USP to study ways to improve cancer drugs. She teaches pharmacology and physiology courses. Lisa Davis, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCOP, one of about only 300 board-certified oncology pharmacy specialists in the country. Dr. Davis trained at the University of Arizona and the University of Kentucky before coming to USP in 1986. Together, with other leading cancer researchers in Philadelphia, she works on developing new drugs to treat all types of cancers. She shares her experience and insight with students in the classroom, her research laboratory, and through her practice at one of the area's top cancer centers. William McGhan, Pharm.D.,Ph.D., recognized worldwide as a leader in the area of pharmacoeconomics, the field that studies the cost-effectiveness and economic impact of drug therapy. Cathy Poon, Pharm.D., who received her pharmacy degree from St. John's University and completed post-doctoral training at the Medical University of South Carolina and the University of Oklahoma where she developed expertise in pediatric pharmacotherapy. Dr. Poon coordinates one of the capstone courses, teaches most of the pediatric course material, and maintains an active clinical practice in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pardeep Gupta, Ph.D., who holds a pharmacy degree from Panjab University in India and a Ph.D. in pharmaceutics from the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Gupta has an active research program in which he is developing ways to administer high-tech, protein-based drug products. He teaches in the pharmaceutics courses and labs. The USP Pharmacy Curriculum Note: Curriculum information below is for students entering USP in Fall 2006 and beyond. For students enrolled in the PharmD program prior to Fall 2006, please see the University Catalog, your advisor, or refer to the most recent publication of the Polonius for a description of the curriculum. Our intensive Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) program is built upon a strong foundation in the physical, biological, chemical, and social sciences, and the liberal arts. After completing all required courses at USP with a cumulative G.P.A. of 2.70 or greater and a cumulative natural science/math G.P.A. of 2.30 or greater, you will progress to the first professional year (third year) of the curriculum. The professional pharmacy curriculum includes courses in: Pharmaceutical sciences, including pharmacology and pharmaceutics, which is the study of dosage formulations and drug stability. Clinical pharmacy, emphasizing patient assessment skills and application of rational drug therapy. Pharmacy practice and management, including evaluation of drug information, regulatory and ethical issues related to pharmacy practice, and basic management and administrative skills. You will participate in an introductory pharmacy practice experience. This will begin in your first professional year and continue through your second and third professional years. Forty weeks of clinical training will occur in your final year. As a student in the Pharm.D. program, you will learn how to: Educate patients on the use, composition, and effects of drugs. Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners. Counsel patients about medications and their uses. Advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications. First Year General Biology I and II General Chemistry I and II Chemistry Lab College Composition Mathematical Analysis I and II Pharmacy Orientation Physical Education Social Science Fundamental Requirement Second Year Human Anatomy/Histology Organic Chemistry I and II Organic Chemistry Lab Intellectual Heritage I and II Physics I Social Science Fundamental Requirement Introduction to Pharmacy & Healthcare Core Distribution Requirements Microbiology Third Year Physiology I and II Core Distribution Requirement Introduction to Communications Biostatistics/research design Biochemistry Physiology II Professional Experience I Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Skills Immunology Molecular Biology Pharmaceutical Calculations Fourth Year Professional Experience II Drug Information/Literature Evaluation I Pharmaceutics I and II Pharmacology/Medicinal Chemistry I and II Pharmacotherapeutics/Human Diseases I and II Practice Lab & Case Studies I and II OTC Medications and Devices Pharmacy Management Fifth Year Professional Experience III Pharmacology/Medicinal Chemistry III Pharmacotherapeutics/Human Diseases III and IV Practice Lab & Case Studies III and IV Law, Ethics Applied Pharmacoeconomics Literature Evaluation II Free Elective Professional Electives Clinical Pharmacokinetics Professional Seminar Sixth Year Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (eight rotations/five weeks in length) Total credits: 211 Professional Connections in Pharmacy Through involvement in student pharmacy organizations, you'll have an unprecedented opportunity to learn more about careers in all types of pharmacy practice while networking with your peers from our pharmacy school and others across the nation. In addition, our faculty advisors, alumni, and other practitioners will help you develop the leadership and teamwork skills that will accelerate your career and make you even more competitive in the field. Our professional pharmacy organizations include:

PharmWeb World Drug Alert Receive information about drugs and medicine via this mailing list. PharmWeb Yellow Web Pages Your directory to pharmaceutical information on the Internet. Includes companies, pharmacies, hospitals, plus much more. Each site is evaluated by our team of researchers before addition to the directory. Societies A directory of pharmaceutical and health-related societies around the world. Also included is a list of International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) member organisations (including addresses, telephone and FAX numbers). PharmWeb Appointments Job vacancies in science and the health professions, updated regularly. If you want to be the first to know about a new vacancy why not join the PharmWeb Appointments Alert? Newsgroups Links to various science and health-related newsgroups. Continuing/Further Education Links to pharmaceutical and health-related courses and teaching information. Special Interest Pages A resource of links to sites specialising in science, drugs and health-related subjects. A starting point for information other than pharmacy. PharmWeb Index An A to Z index of information held on PharmWeb. History of PharmWeb PharmWeb was the first hierarchical information resource on the Internet for pharmaceutical and health-related information. How did it all start? Pharmacy and the Internet This page contains information on pharmaceutical publications related to the Internet and considers the applications of the Internet to pharmacy. PharmWeb Internet Directory Links to some of the best sites on the Internet including search engines, news, weather, entertainment, and many other interesting sites. What's New on PharmWeb? Find out about the latest developments on PharmWeb. Access Statistics How many people use PharmWeb? Detailed access statistics for the main PharmWeb servers. How to Add/Edit Links Do you want to add or edit any link on PharmWeb, this tells you how to do it. PharmWeb and its Services What can PharmWeb do for you? A summary of the services that PharmWeb provides. Problem Solver Some of the common problems encountered using web browsers. Comments and Suggestions Let us know what you think of PharmWeb. Many developments have been the result of user feedback. PharmWeb Authors & Acknowledgements Who does all the work? Organisations on PharmWeb PharmWeb is here as a result of the support of major pharmaceutical and health-related organisations. Contact PharmWeb This page contains information on your PharmWeb contact. Please check this page before contacting us at PharmWeb to ensure that your enquiry is dealt with promptly. Contact names will change when PharmWeb staff are on vacation or out of the office. Pharmacists distribute drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. They advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications. Pharmacists also monitor the health and progress of patients in response to drug therapy to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. Pharmacists must understand the use, clinical effects, and composition of drugs, including their chemical, biological, and physical properties. Compounding—the actual mixing of ingredients to form powders, tablets, capsules, ointments, and solutions—is a small part of a pharmacist’s practice, because most medicines are produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. Most pharmacists work in a community setting, such as a retail drugstore, or in a health care facility, such as a hospital, nursing home, mental health institution, or neighborhood health clinic. Pharmacists in community and retail pharmacies counsel patients and answer questions about prescription drugs, including questions regarding possible side effects or interactions among various drugs. They provide information about over-the-counter drugs and make recommendations after talking with the patient. They also may give advice about the patient’s diet, exercise, or stress management or about durable medical equipment and home health care supplies. In addition, they also may complete third-party insurance forms and other paperwork. Those who own or manage community pharmacies may sell non-health-related merchandise, hire and supervise personnel, and oversee the general operation of the pharmacy. Some community pharmacists provide specialized services to help patients manage conditions such as diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, or high blood pressure. Some community pharmacists also are trained to administer vaccinations. Pharmacists in health care facilities dispense medications and advise the medical staff on the selection and effects of drugs. They may make sterile solutions to be administered intravenously. They also assess, plan, and monitor drug programs or regimens. Pharmacists counsel hospitalized patients on the use of drugs and on their use at home when the patients are discharged. Pharmacists also may evaluate drug-use patterns and outcomes for patients in hospitals or managed care organizations. Pharmacists who work in home health care monitor drug therapy and prepare infusions—solutions that are injected into patients—and other medications for use in the home. Some pharmacists specialize in specific drug therapy areas, such as intravenous nutrition support, oncology (cancer), nuclear pharmacy (used for chemotherapy), geriatric pharmacy, and psychopharmacotherapy (the treatment of mental disorders by means of drugs). Most pharmacists keep confidential computerized records of patients’ drug therapies to prevent harmful drug interactions. Pharmacists are responsible for the accuracy of every prescription that is filled, but they often rely upon pharmacy technicians and pharmacy aides to assist them in the dispensing process. Thus, the pharmacist may delegate prescription-filling and administrative tasks and supervise their completion. Pharmacists also frequently oversee pharmacy students serving as interns in preparation for graduation and licensure. Increasingly, pharmacists are pursuing nontraditional pharmacy work. Some are involved in research for pharmaceutical manufacturers, developing new drugs and therapies and testing their effects on people. Others work in marketing or sales, providing expertise to clients on a drug’s use, effectiveness, and possible side effects. Some pharmacists work for health insurance companies, developing pharmacy benefit packages and carrying out cost-benefit analyses on certain drugs. Other pharmacists work for the government, public health care services, the armed services, and pharmacy associations. Finally, some pharmacists are employed full time or part time as college faculty, teaching classes and performing research in a wide range of areas. Working Conditions [About this section] Back to Top Pharmacists work in clean, well-lighted, and well-ventilated areas. Many pharmacists spend most of their workday on their feet. When working with sterile or dangerous pharmaceutical products, pharmacists wear gloves and masks and work with other special protective equipment. Many community and hospital pharmacies are open for extended hours or around the clock, so pharmacists may work nights, weekends, and holidays. Consultant pharmacists may travel to nursing homes or other facilities to monitor patients’ drug therapy. About 21 percent of pharmacists worked part time in 2004. Most full-time salaried pharmacists worked approximately 40 hours a week. Some, including many self-employed pharmacists, worked more than 50 hours a week. Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement [About this section] Back to Top A license to practice pharmacy is required in all States, the District of Columbia, and all U.S. territories. To obtain a license, the prospective pharmacist must graduate from a college of pharmacy that is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) and pass an examination. All States require the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam (NAPLEX), which tests pharmacy skills and knowledge, and 43 states and the District of Columbia require the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE), which tests pharmacy law. Both exams are administered by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. Pharmacists in the eight states that do not require the MJPE must pass a state-specific exam that is similar to the MJPE. In addition to the NAPLEX and MPJE, some States require additional exams unique to their State. All States except California currently grant a license without extensive reexamination to qualified pharmacists who already are licensed by another State. In Florida, reexamination is not required if a pharmacist has passed the NAPLEX and MPJE within 12 years of his or her application for a license transfer. Many pharmacists are licensed to practice in more than one State. Most States require continuing education for license renewal. Persons interested in a career as a pharmacist should check with individual State boards of pharmacy for details on examination requirements, license renewal requirements, and license transfer procedures. In 2004, 89 colleges of pharmacy were accredited to confer degrees by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Pharmacy programs grant the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), which requires at least 6 years of postsecondary study and the passing of a State board of pharmacy’s licensure examination. Courses offered at colleges of pharmacy are designed to teach students about all aspects of drug therapy. In addition, schools teach students how to communicate with patients and other health care providers about drug information and patient care. Students also learn professional ethics, how to develop and manage medication distribution systems, and concepts of public health. In addition to receiving classroom instruction, students in Pharm.D. programs spend about one-forth of their time learning in a variety of pharmacy practice settings under the supervision of licensed pharmacists. The Pharm.D. degree has replaced the Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) degree, which is no longer being awarded. The Pharm.D. is a 4-year program that requires at least 2 years of college study prior to admittance, although most applicants have completed 3 years. Entry requirements usually include courses in mathematics and natural sciences, such as chemistry, biology, and physics, as well as courses in the humanities and social sciences. Approximately two-thirds of all colleges require applicants to take the Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT). In 2003, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) launched the Pharmacy College Application Service, known as PharmCAS, for students who are interested in applying to schools and colleges of pharmacy. This centralized service allows applicants to use a single Web-based application and one set of transcripts to apply to multiple schools of pharmacy. A total of 43 schools participated in 2003. In the 2003–04 academic year, 67 colleges of pharmacy awarded the master-of-science degree or the Ph.D. degree. Both degrees are awarded after the completion of a Pharm.D. degree and are designed for those who want more laboratory and research experience. Many master’s and Ph.D. degree holders do research for a drug company or teach at a university. Other options for pharmacy graduates who are interested in further training include 1-year or 2-year residency programs or fellowships. Pharmacy residencies are postgraduate training programs in pharmacy practice and usually require the completion of a research study. There currently are more than 700 residency training programs nationwide. Pharmacy fellowships are highly individualized programs that are designed to prepare participants to work in a specialized area of pharmacy, such clinical practice or research laboratories. Some pharmacists who run their own pharmacy obtain a master’s degree in business administration (MBA). Others may obtain a degree in public administration or public health. Areas of graduate study include pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical chemistry (physical and chemical properties of drugs and dosage forms), pharmacology (effects of drugs on the body), toxicology and pharmacy administration. Prospective pharmacists should have scientific aptitude, good communication skills, and a desire to help others. They also must be conscientious and pay close attention to detail, because the decisions they make affect human lives. In community pharmacies, pharmacists usually begin at the staff level. In independent pharmacies, after they gain experience and secure the necessary capital, some become owners or part owners of pharmacies. Pharmacists in chain drugstores may be promoted to pharmacy supervisor or manager at the store level, then to manager at the district or regional level, and later to an executive position within the chain’s headquarters. Hospital pharmacists may advance to supervisory or administrative positions. Pharmacists in the pharmaceutical industry may advance in marketing, sales, research, quality control, production, packaging, or other areas. Employment [About this section] Back to Top Pharmacists held about 230,000 jobs in 2004. About 61 percent work in community pharmacies that are either independently owned or part of a drugstore chain, grocery store, department store, or mass merchandiser. Most community pharmacists are salaried employees, but some are self-employed owners. About 24 percent of salaried pharmacists work in hospitals. Others work in clinics, mail-order pharmacies, pharmaceutical wholesalers, home health care agencies, or the Federal Government. Job Outlook [About this section] Back to Top Very good employment opportunities are expected for pharmacists over the 2004–14 period because the number of job openings created by employment growth and the need to replace pharmacists who leave the occupation or retire are expected to exceed the number of degrees granted in pharmacy. Enrollments in pharmacy programs are rising as more students are attracted by high salaries and good job prospects. Despite this increase in enrollments, job openings should still be more numerous than those seeking employment. Employment of pharmacists is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations through the year 2014, because of the increasing demand for pharmaceuticals, particularly from the growing elderly population. The increasing numbers of middle-aged and elderly people—who use more prescription drugs than younger people—will continue to spur demand for pharmacists in all employment settings. Other factors likely to increase the demand for pharmacists include scientific advances that will make more drug products available, new developments in genome research and medication distribution systems, increasingly sophisticated consumers seeking more information about drugs, and coverage of prescription drugs by a greater number of health insurance plans and Medicare. Community pharmacies are taking steps to manage an increasing volume of prescriptions. Automation of drug dispensing and greater employment of pharmacy technicians and pharmacy aides will help these establishments to dispense more prescriptions. With its emphasis on cost control, managed care encourages the use of lower cost prescription drug distributors, such as mail-order firms and online pharmacies, for purchases of certain medications. Prescriptions ordered through the mail and via the Internet are filled in a central location and shipped to the patient at a lower cost. Mail-order and online pharmacies typically use automated technology to dispense medication and employ fewer pharmacists. If the utilization of mail-order pharmacies increases rapidly, job growth among pharmacists could be limited. Employment of pharmacists will not grow as fast in hospitals as in other industries, because hospitals are reducing inpatient stays, downsizing, and consolidating departments. The number of outpatient surgeries is increasing, so more patients are being discharged and purchasing their medications through retail, supermarket, or mail-order pharmacies, rather than through hospitals. An aging population means that more pharmacy services will be required in nursing homes, assisted-living facilities, and home care settings. The most rapid job growth among pharmacists is expected in these 3 settings. New opportunities are emerging for pharmacists in managed care organizations where they analyze trends and patterns in medication use, and in pharmacoeconomics—the cost and benefit analysis of different drug therapies. Opportunities also are emerging for pharmacists trained in research and disease management—the development of new methods for curing and controlling diseases. Pharmacists also are finding jobs in research and development and in sales and marketing for pharmaceutical manufacturing firms. New breakthroughs in biotechnology will increase the potential for drugs to treat diseases and expand the opportunities for pharmacists to conduct research and sell medications. In addition, pharmacists are finding employment opportunities in pharmacy informatics, which uses information technology to improve patient care. Job opportunities for pharmacists in patient care will arise as cost-conscious insurers and health systems continue to emphasize the role of pharmacists in primary and preventive health care. Health insurance companies realize that the expense of using medication to treat diseases and various health conditions often is considerably less than the costs for patients whose conditions go untreated. Pharmacists also can reduce the expenses resulting from unexpected complications due to allergic reactions or interactions among medications. Welcome to the only UK institution dedicated entirely to teaching and research in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. Dynamic and internationally top rated research is integrated with excellent teaching to further knowledge and understanding of medicines - how they are made, how they act and how people use them to prevent and cure disease. Pharmacy (from the Greek ???????? = drug) is a chemical science and profession charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. Traditionally, pharmacists have compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. More recently, pharmacy has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. Some of these new pharmaceutical roles are now mandated by law in various legislatures. Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts, and the primary health professionals who optimise medication management to produce positive health-outcomes. The symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle and the ? (recipere) character. Pharmacy organisations often employ other elements, such as the Bowl of Hygieia, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries such as the green Greek cross in France and Great Britain, the increasingly-rare Gaper in The Netherlands, and a red stylised letter A in Germany. In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. Specifically, the legislation stipulates that the practice of prescribing must be separate from the practice of dispensing. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. In the minority of jurisdictions (particularly in Asian countries such as China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore), doctors are allowed to dispense drugs themselves and the practice of pharmacy is integrated with that of the physician. In Canada it is common for a medical clinic and a pharmacy to attached and for the ownership in both enterprises to be common, but licensed separately. The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. A campaign for separation has begun in many countries and has already been successful (like in Korea). As many of the remaining nations move towards separation, resistance and lobbying from dispensing doctors who have pecuniary interests may prove a major stumbling block (e.g. in Malaysia). [edit] Community pharmacy 19th century Italian pharmacyA pharmacy (commonly the chemist in Australia, New Zealand and the UK; or drugstore in North America; or Apothecary, historically) is the place where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. It is the community pharmacy where the dichotomy of the profession exists—health professionals who are also retailers. Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary where medications are stored and dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications; there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. All pharmacies are required to have a pharmacist on-duty at all times when open. In many jurisdictions, it is also a requirement that the owner of a pharmacy must be a registered pharmacist (R.Ph.). This latter requirement has been revoked in many jurisdictions, such that many retailers (including grocery stores and mass merchandisers) now include a pharmacy as a department of their store. [edit] Hospital pharmacy Pharmacies within hospitals differ considerably from community pharmacies. Some pharmacists in hospital pharmacies may have more complex clinical medication management issues whereas pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations issues. Because of the complexity of the medication use system, many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Hospital pharmacies can usually be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. This is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and adequate facilities. Some hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. [edit] Internet pharmacy Recently, a number of pharmacies have begun operating over the Internet. Many such pharmacies are, in some ways, similar to community pharmacies; the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient (and private) than traveling to a community drugstore. Internet pharmacies are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound. Some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Some customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There have also been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products. In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. Although importation of prescription medication currently violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. [edit] The future of pharmacy In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists expect to be paid for their cognitive skills. This paradigm shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Great Britain, pharmacists (and nurses) who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights. In the United States, consultant pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy." Many universities are altering their programs to increase emphasis in fields such as pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, disease state management, etc. Asthma Drug Warning Causes Alarm Posting Date: 12/12/2005 Q. I saw a report on TV recently about the asthma drug Advair. The news wasn't good. I used to take Advair but am now trying free samples of Foradil from my doctor. Advair cost me almost $200 for a month's supply. I have a friend with asthma who's had good results with Advair. Is he really in danger? I've taken other drugs that have been pulled off the shelves, Vioxx and Bextra. Now I'm wondering about Advair. What's going on? A. Ever since the arthritis drugs Vioxx and Bextra were taken off the market, it seems as if the FDA has been more cautious. Several months ago an expert panel considered whether the asthma drugs Advair, Foradil and Serevent should also be withdrawn from the market. There was concern that some people taking these medications might experience hard-to-treat asthma attacks. Although the agency decided not to ban these drugs, safety concerns remain. That's why the FDA issued a warning recently stating that these medicines may increase the chance of severe asthma episodes that could result in death. The regulators want doctors to prescribe these drugs only if other medicines fail to control asthma symptoms. Do not stop taking your asthma drug until you have consulted your physician, though. He or she will want to evaluate the new warning and decide whether other medications may be more appropriate. Q. What can you suggest for chronic chapped lips? Castor oil works great, but it tastes terrible! A. Perhaps the reason castor oil works for you is that it discourages lip licking. This habit can contribute to chronic chapped lips, especially when humidity is low. We sometimes suggest a product containing lanolin, beeswax or coconut oil to moisturize the lips and discourage licking. Some products to consider include Burt's Beeswax Lip Balm, Desert Essence Lip Rescue, Lip Trip or Un-petroleum Lip Balm. For 130 years, the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy has been preparing leaders for positions in health care, business, biotechnology, higher education, law, the pharmaceutical industry, engineering, community practice, and other careers. Three such alumni leaders were honored as part of the College’s Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) Commencement exercises, held Saturday, June 3, at the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies in Ann Arbor, Mich. Receiving the College’s Alumni Service Award in Pharmacy was Sandra L. Chase, BSPharm’83, PharmD’84, a clinical pharmacy specialist at Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Mich. where she has a practice at Spectrum’s Heart Failure, Transplant, and Pulmonary Hypertension Services Clinic. Receiving the College’s Alumni Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award were Gayle Crick Fischer, BSPharm’74, retired manager of global marketing at Eli Lilly Co., and now vice president of marketing at the Montreal, Canada-based biopharmaceutical company, Targanta; and Tsuneji Nagai, PostDoc’67, chairman of The Nagai Foundation, Tokyo, and former president of Tokyo’s Hoshi University. The Alumni Service Award in Pharmacy honors U-M College of Pharmacy alumni who have made significant contributions to the profession of pharmacy. The Alumni Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award honors alumni who have made significant lifetime contributions in their profession or to society through practice, research, education, or public service. Both awards are made through the College’s Alumni Society Board of Governors. About the award recipients: 2006 RECIPIENT, ALUMNI SERVICE AWARD IN PHARMACY: SANDRA L. CHASE, BSPHARM’83, PHARMD’84 SANDRA CHASE is a clinical pharmacy specialist at Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Mich. where she has a practice at Spectrum’s Heart Failure, Transplant, and Pulmonary Hypertension Services Clinic, coordinates all cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics for the health system, and is a member of the Women’s Heart Advantage Research Committee and the Cardiology Grand Rounds Steering Committee. She was recently selected Spectrum’s residency program preceptor of the year, and was named pharmacist of the year by the Michigan Society of Health-System Pharmacists. A member of the Michigan Pharmacists Association (MPA) executive board since 2002, Chase is the current MPA president and a member of MPA’s Public Affairs Committee. She also chairs the educational affairs committee of the Michigan Society of Health-System Pharmacists, is director-at-large of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists section of home, ambulatory and chronic care, and is a member of the State of Michigan Cardiovascular Health Task Force. Having served multiple three-year terms on the College’s Alumni Society Board of Governors, Chase now sits on the U-M Alumni Association Board of Directors. A health and fitness instructor, she is actively involved in many American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association causes, and is a member of the Pediatric and Adult Asthma Network of West Michigan. In 2004, Chase established the Sandra L. Chase Leadership Scholarship at the College to help support Michigan PharmD students demonstrating leadership abilities and financial need. * * * 2006 RECIPIENTS, ALUMNI DISTINGUISHED LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS: GAYLE CRICK FISCHER, BSPHARM’74; AND TSUNEJI NAGAI, POSTDOC’67 GAYLE CRICK FISCHER joined Montreal, Quebec-based Targanta Therapeutics Inc. this year, following her February 2006 retirement from Eli Lilly Co., where she had a singular 28-plus year career. Targanta is a privately-held, venture-backed biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of new classes of antibiotic drugs for novel antibacterial targets. Fischer’s career at Lilly was distinguished by a series of successes in the areas of marketing and sales, ranging from new product planning through post-launch of numerous pharmaceutical products, including blockbuster brands. At Lilly, Fischer developed a special expertise in building and sustaining brands in infectious disease, osteoporosis, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). She is now vice president of marketing at Targanta where she is applying her extensive industry experience to help Targanta develop a stronger market presence. As a pharmacy student, Fischer financed her education by working in community pharmacy practice. She continued to work in community pharmacy for several years after receiving her BSPharm degree before starting her career at Lilly, initially as a pharmaceutical sales representative in Detroit, Mich. In addition to her Michigan Pharmacy degree, Fischer received a masters in management from the U-M in 1984. She is co-chair, Eastern Region, for the College’s Campaign for International Leadership and Excellence, and a long-time member of the Dean’s Advisory Committee at the College of Pharmacy. In support of Michigan PharmD students, Fischer has established two scholarships, one of which is named in honor of her parents, William T. and Norma J. Crick. TSUNEJI NAGAI is chairman of The Nagai Foundation, Tokyo. From 1971 to 1999, he was a professor at Hoshi University in Tokyo, and from 2001 to 2004 was that institution’s president. Nagai received a BS in pharmacy in 1956, an MS in pharmacy in 1958, and a PhD in pharmacy in 1961, all from the University of Tokyo. He then completed postdoctoral studies at Columbia University (1965-66) and the University of Michigan (1966-67). In 1996, he received the Doctor Honoris Causa Degree from Hacettepe University, Turkey, and in 2001, the Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa Degree from the University of London, U.K. Over his long and distinguished career, Nagai has received many awards and honors including the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Hoest-Madsen Medal (1986), the Japan National Invention Prize (1984), The Society Prize of Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (1988), The Society Prize of Society of Cyclodextrins Japan (1997), the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists Research Achievement Award in Drug Delivery (1999), and others. In 1999, Nagai received the Japan Imperial P